How Do Animal Cells Store Glucose For Later

2.six.1: Metabolism of Carbohydrates

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Learning Objectives

• Clarify the importance of carbohydrate metabolism to energy product

Metabolism of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are i of the major forms of energy for animals and plants. Plants build carbohydrates using light energy from the dominicus (during the procedure of photosynthesis), while animals eat plants or other animals to obtain carbohydrates. Plants shop carbohydrates in long polysaccharides chains called starch, while animals store carbohydrates as the molecule glycogen. These big polysaccharides contain many chemic bonds and therefore store a lot of chemical energy. When these molecules are broken downward during metabolism, the free energy in the chemical bonds is released and tin can be harnessed for cellular processes.

Figure: All living things use carbohydrates every bit a form of energy.: Plants, like this oak tree and acorn, use energy from sunlight to make sugar and other organic molecules. Both plants and animals (like this squirrel) use cellular respiration to derive free energy from the organic molecules originally produced by plants

Energy Product from Carbohydrates (Cellular Respiration )

The metabolism of whatsoever monosaccharide (uncomplicated sugar) can produce energy for the cell to utilise. Excess carbohydrates are stored equally starch in plants and as glycogen in animals, gear up for metabolism if the energy demands of the organism suddenly increase. When those energy demands increment, carbohydrates are broken down into constituent monosaccharides, which are then distributed to all the living cells of an organism. Glucose (C_half-dozenH₁₂O_six) is a common instance of the monosaccharides used for energy production.

Inside the cell, each sugar molecule is broken down through a circuitous series of chemical reactions. As chemical energy is released from the bonds in the monosaccharide, it is harnessed to synthesize loftier-free energy adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules. ATP is the primary free energy currency of all cells. Merely as the dollar is used as currency to buy goods, cells apply molecules of ATP to perform immediate piece of work and power chemical reactions.

The breakdown of glucose during metabolism is telephone call cellular respiration can exist described by the equation:

\[\ce{C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + free energy}\]

Producing Carbohydrates (Photosynthesis)

Plants and some other types of organisms produce carbohydrates through the process chosen photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants convert light energy into chemical energy by building carbon dioxide gas molecules (CO_ii) into sugar molecules like glucose. Because this procedure involves edifice bonds to synthesize a big molecule, it requires an input of energy (calorie-free) to continue. The synthesis of glucose by photosynthesis is described by this equation (notice that it is the reverse of the previous equation):

\[\ce{6CO2 + 6H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2}\]

As part of plants' chemic processes, glucose molecules can be combined with and converted into other types of sugars. In plants, glucose is stored in the class of starch, which can be broken down back into glucose via cellular respiration in order to supply ATP.

Primal Points

• The breakdown of glucose living organisms utilise to produce energy is described by the equation: \[\ce{C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy} \nonumber\]
• The photosynthetic process plants utilize to synthesize glucose is described by the equation: \[\ce{6CO2 + 6H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2} \nonumber\]
• Glucose that is consumed is used to brand free energy in the course of ATP, which is used to perform work and ability chemical reactions in the cell.
• During photosynthesis, plants convert calorie-free energy into chemical free energy that is used to build molecules of glucose.

Central Terms

• adenosine triphosphate: a multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme, often called the "molecular unit of energy currency" in intracellular free energy transfer
• glucose: a simple monosaccharide (sugar) with a molecular formula of C6H12O6C6H12O6C6H12O6; it is a master source of energy for cellular metabolism

Source: https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book%3A_Microbiology_(Boundless)/2%3A_Chemistry/2.6%3A_Energy/2.6.1%3A_Metabolism_of_Carbohydrates

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