What Animals Are In The Llama Family?
| Camelidae Temporal range: Centre Eocene – Holocene | |
|---|---|
 | |
| A Bactrian camel walking in the snow | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Suborder: | Tylopoda |
| Superfamily: | Cameloidea |
| Family: | Camelidae Gray, 1821 |
| Type genus | |
| Camelus | |
| Tribes | |
| |
 | |
| Current range of camelids, all species | |
Camelids are members of the biological family Camelidae, the but currently living family in the suborder Tylopoda. The vii extant members of this group are: dromedary camels, Bactrian camels, wild Bactrian camels, llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, and guanacos. Camelids are fifty-fifty-toed ungulates classified in the guild Cetartiodactyla, along with species like whales, pigs, deer, cattle, and antelopes.
Characteristics [edit]
Camelid feet lack functional hooves, the toe basic being embedded in a broad, cutaneous pad.[1]
Camelids are large, strictly herbivorous animals with slender necks and long legs. They differ from ruminants in a number of ways.[ii] Their dentition bear witness traces of vestigial central incisors in the incisive bone, and the third incisors accept developed into canine-similar tusks. Camelids also have true canine teeth and tusk-like premolars, which are separated from the molars by a gap. The musculature of the hind limbs differs from those of other ungulates in that the legs are attached to the body only at the superlative of the thigh, rather than fastened past skin and muscle from the knee upwards. Because of this, camelids accept to lie downward by resting on their knees with their legs tucked underneath their bodies.[1] They take three-chambered stomachs, rather than iv-chambered ones; their upper lips are split in two, with each function separately mobile; and, uniquely among mammals, their red blood cells are elliptical.[2] They also have a unique blazon of antibodies, which lack the light chain, in addition to the normal antibodies found in other mammals. These and so-called heavy-chain antibodies are beingness used to develop single-domain antibodies with potential pharmaceutical applications.
Camelids do not accept hooves; rather, they take 2-toed feet with toenails and soft foot pads (Tylopoda is Greek for "padded human foot"). Most of the weight of the animal rests on these tough, leathery sole pads. The Southward American camelids accept adapted to the steep and rocky terrain by adjusting the pads on their toes to maintain grip.[3] The surface surface area of Camels pes pads can increase with increasing velocity in society to reduce pressure level on the feet and larger members of the camelid species will normally have larger pad expanse to help distribute weight beyond the pes.[four] Many fossil camelids were unguligrade and probably hooved, in contrast to all living species.[v]
Camelids are behaviorally like in many ways, including their walking gait, in which both legs on the same side are moved simultaneously. While running, camelids engage a unique "running footstep gait" in which limbs on the aforementioned side move in the same pattern they walk, with both left legs moving and and then both right, this ensures that the fore and hind limb will not collide while in fast motion. During this motion at that place is a moment where all four limbs are off the ground at the same time.[six] Consequently, camelids large plenty for human beings to ride have a typical swaying motion.
Dromedary camels, bactrian camels, llamas, and alpacas are all induced ovulators.[vii]
The three Afro-Asian camel species have developed extensive adaptations to their lives in harsh, nearly-waterless environments. Wild populations of the Bactrian camel are even able to drink brackish h2o, and some herds live in nuclear examination areas.[8]
Comparative tabular array of the seven extant species in the family Camelidae:
| Species | Epitome | Natural range | Weight | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Camelus | |||||||||
| Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) |  | Central and Inner Asia (entirely domesticated) | 300 to 1,000 kg (660 to 2,200 lb) | ||||||
| Dromedary or Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) |  | South asia and Middle East (entirely domesticated) | 300 to 600 kg (660 to 1,320 lb) | ||||||
| Wild Bactrian camel (Camelus ferus) |  | Red china and Mongolia | 300 to 820 kg (660 to 1,800 lb) | ||||||
| Lama | |||||||||
| Llama (Lama glama) |  | (domestic form of guanaco) | 130 to 200 kg (290 to 440 lb) | ||||||
| Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) |  | South America | c. 90 to 120 kg (200 to 260 lb) | ||||||
| Alpaca (Lama pacos) |  | (domestic form of vicuña) | 48 to 84 kg (106 to 185 lb) | ||||||
| Vicuña (Lama vicugna) |  | South American Andes | 35 to 65 kg (77 to 143 lb) | ||||||
Evolution [edit]
| A family unit tree indicating different species inside the Camelidae family[9] |
A dymaxion map of the biogeographic distribution of Camelidae species:
Tertiary distribution
Present-twenty-four hours distributions
The xanthous dot is the origin of the family Camelidae and the black arrows are the historic migration routes that explain the nowadays-day distribution.
Camelids are unusual in that their modernistic distribution is almost the inverse of their area of origin. Camelids commencement appeared very early on in the development of the even-toed ungulates, around l to 40 million years ago during the middle Eocene,[ citation needed ] in present-day Northward America. Among the earliest camelids was the rabbit-sized Protylopus, which still had four toes on each foot. By the late Eocene, around 35 million years ago, camelids such every bit Poebrotherium had lost the 2 lateral toes, and were about the size of a mod caprine animal.[5] [ten]
The family diversified and prospered, just remained confined to the Northward American continent until but near two to three million years ago, when representatives arrived in Asia, and (as part of the Great American Interchange that followed the formation of the Isthmus of Panama) South America. A high chill camel from this time menstruation has been documented in the far northern reaches of Canada.
The original camelids of N America remained common until the quite recent geological past, but then disappeared, possibly as a result of hunting or habitat alterations past the earliest man settlers, and possibly as a result of changing environmental conditions after the terminal ice age, or a combination of these factors. Three species groups survived: the dromedary of northern Africa and southwest Asia; the Bactrian camel of primal Asia; and the South American group, which has now diverged into a range of forms that are closely related, but usually classified as 4 species: llamas, alpacas, guanacos, and vicuñas. Camelids were domesticated past early Andean peoples,[11] and remain in use today.
Fossil camelids testify a wider diversity than their modern counterparts. I Due north American genus, Titanotylopus, stood 3.5 thousand at the shoulder, compared with about 2 m for the largest modern camelids. Other extinct camelids included minor, gazelle-similar animals, such as Stenomylus. Finally, a number of very tall, giraffe-like camelids were adapted to feeding on leaves from high trees, including such genera every bit Aepycamelus and Oxydactylus.[five]
Whether the wild Bactrian camel (Camelus ferus) is in fact a distinct species or a subspecies (Camelus bactrianus ferus) is still debated.[12] [13] The difference date is 0.7 million years ago, long earlier the showtime of domestication.[thirteen]
Scientific classification [edit]
Family Camelidae
- †Subfamily Poebrodontinae
- †Subfamily Poebrotheriinae
- †Subfamily Miolabinae
- †Subfamily Stenomylinae
- †Subfamily Floridatragulinae
- Subfamily Camelinae
- Tribe Lamini
- Genus: Lama
- Llama, Lama glama
- Guanaco, Lama guanicoe
- Alpaca, Lama pacos
- Vicuña, Lama vicugna
- Genus: Hemiauchenia
- †Hemiauchenia macrocephala
- †Hemiauchenia minima
- †Hemiauchenia blancoensis
- †Hemiauchenia vera
- †Hemiauchenia paradoxa
- Genus Palaeolama
- †Palaeolama mirifica
- Genus: Lama
- Tribe Camelini
- Genus: Camelus
- Bactrian camel, Camelus bactrianus
- Dromedary, Camelus dromedarius
- Wild Bactrian camel, Camelus ferus
- †Syrian camel, Camelus moreli
- †Camelus sivalensis
- Genus: Camelops
- †Camelops hesternus
- Genus: Paracamelus
- †Paracamelus gigas
- Genus: Camelus
- Tribe Lamini
Phylogeny [edit]
Owned to South America
Owned to North and South America
Owned to North America
Endemic to Asia
Endemic to Asia and Africa
Extinct genera [edit]
| Genus name | Epoch | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Aepycamelus | Miocene | Tall, s-shaped neck, true padded camel feet |
| Camelops | Pliocene-Pleistocene | Large, with truthful camel anxiety, hump status uncertain |
| Eulamaops | Pleistocene | From S America |
| Floridatragulus | Early on Miocene | A baroque species of camel with a long snout |
| Hemiauchenia | Miocene-Pleistocene | A Northward and S American lamine genus |
| Megacamelus | Miocene-Pleistocene | The largest species of camelid |
| Megatylopus | Miocene-Early Pleistocene | Large camelid from North America |
| Oxydactylus | Early Miocene | The primeval member of the "giraffe camel" family |
| Palaeolama | Pleistocene | A Due north and South American lamine genus |
| Poebrotherium | Oligocene | This species of camel took the place of deer and antelope in the White River Badlands. |
| Procamelus | Miocene | Ancestor of extinct Titanolypus and modern Camelus |
| Protylopus | Late Eocene | Earliest member of the camelids |
| Stenomylus | Early Miocene | Small, gazelle-similar camel that lived in large herds on the Great Plains |
| Titanotylopus | Miocene-Pleistocene | Alpine, humped, truthful camel feet |
References [edit]
- ^ a b Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1987). A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. p. 208. ISBN978-0-521-34697-9.
- ^ a b Fowler, Thou.E. (2010). Medicine and Surgery of Camelids, Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. Chapter 1 "General Biology and Development" addresses the fact that camelids (including camels and llamas) are not ruminants, pseudo-ruminants, or modified ruminants.
- ^ Franklin, William (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals . New York: Facts on File. pp. 512–515. ISBN978-0-87196-871-5.
- ^ Clemente, Christofer J.; Dick, Taylor J. M.; Glen, Christopher L.; Panagiotopoulou, Olga (2020-03-02). "Biomechanical insights into the part of foot pads during locomotion in camelid species". Scientific Reports. 10 (i): 3856. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.3856C. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60795-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC7051995. PMID 32123239.
- ^ a b c Savage, RJG; Long, MR (1986). Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. New York: Facts on File. pp. 216–221. ISBN978-0-8160-1194-0.
- ^ Janis, Christine M.; Theodor, Jessica K.; Boisvert, Bethany (2002-03-14). "Locomotor development in camels revisited: a quantitative analysis of pedal anatomy and the conquering of the pacing gait". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (1): 110–121. doi:ten.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0110:LEICRA]2.0.CO;two. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ^ Chen, B.X.; Yuen, Z.10. & Pan, M.W. (1985). "Semen-induced ovulation in the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)" (PDF). J. Reprod. Fertil. 74 (2): 335–339. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0740335. PMID 3900379. Retrieved September 12, 2014.
- ^ Wild Bactrian Camels Critically Endangered, Group Says National Geographic, iii December 2002
- ^ "Animal Multifariousness Web." ADW: Camelidae: Classification. Northward.p., north.d. Web. 09 June 2017.
- ^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. pp. 274–277. ISBN978-i-84028-152-i.
- ^ Moore, Katherine Yard. (2016). "Early Domesticated Camelids in the Andes". In Capriles, Jose One thousand.; Tripcevich, Nicholas (eds.). The Archaeology of Andean Pastoralism. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN978-0-8263-5702-1.
- ^ Cui, Peng; Ji, Rimutu; Ding, Feng; Qi, Dan; Gao, Hongwei; Meng, He; Yu, Jun; Hu, Songnian; Zhang, Heping (2007-07-eighteen). "A complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the wild two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus ferus): an evolutionary history of camelidae". BMC Genomics. 8 (1): 241. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-eight-241. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC1939714. PMID 17640355.
- ^ a b Ji, R.; Cui, P.; Ding, F.; Geng, J.; Gao, H.; Zhang, H.; Yu, J.; Hu, Due south.; Meng, H. (2009-08-01). "Monophyletic origin of domestic bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) and its evolutionary relationship with the extant wild camel (Camelus bactrianus ferus)". Brute Genetics. twoscore (4): 377–382. doi:ten.1111/j.1365-2052.2008.01848.x. ISSN 1365-2052. PMC2721964. PMID 19292708.
- ^ Paleobiology Database - Hemiauchenia basic info
- ^ Paleobiology Database - Palaeolama basic info
- ^ Paleobiology Database - Blancocamelus bones info
- ^ Paleobiology Database - Pleiolama basic info
- ^ Paleobiology Database - Camelops basic info
- ^ Paleobiology Database - Paracamelus basic info
- ^ Geraads, Denis; Didier, Gilles; Barr, Andrew; Reed, Denne; Laurin, Michel (April 2020). "The fossil record of camelids demonstrates a late deviation between Bactrian camel and dromedary=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 65 (2): 251–260. doi:10.4202/app.00727.2020. eISSN 1732-2421. ISSN 0567-7920.
- ^ Database - Procamelus basic info
- ^ Database - Hesperocamelus basic info
External links [edit]
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Camelidae. |
- Pictures of camelid species
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelidae
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